BACKGROUND: Evaluation of whether dyspnea has a cardiac cause is essential. Guidelines from 2016 were reported to result in a high incidence of indeterminate left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. We ...

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a growing health care concern due to its increasing incidence, high morbidity and mortality, and lack of effective treatment options. 1, 2, 3 ...